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Introduction

From the first space missions during the 1960s to the present, various studies have shown the importance of nutrition for crew members in space travel. The consumption of some nutrients is limited, especially those from fruits and vegetables, due to the loss of nutritional quality and the short conservation time. That is why it is proposed to sow a type of food from the sprouts of seeds and vegetables.

Nowadays, a trip from Earth to Mars usually takes 450 days, therefore the food consumption of the crew must be planned, evaluating parameters such as: packaged food, loss of proteins and vitamins, the volume of provisions for 4 to 6 people , etc. To solve this, NASA implements two Veggie and APH teams each with its own disadvantage. Equipment that seeks to optimize space, facilitating its control with multiple systems and sensors, allowing the regulation of parameters such as temperature, oxygen, etc. among others that allow the proper development of a crop.

Justification

1.     Nutritional requirements and physiological changes in microgravity:

The nutritional requirements of space crews are a key factor in keeping them healthy before, during and after each space flight. Exposure to microgravity produces physiological changes, such as decreased bone density, loss of muscle mass, and metabolic complications due to increased fluids to the head (intracranial hypertension), among others; These changes would cause alterations in the metabolism of vitamins and minerals. Calcium is affected during the first days of the mission, it increases from 60% to 70% in the urine and feces. Deterioration in the muscles causes changes in the composition of the actin / myosin protein ratio and other muscle proteins, preventing their regeneration, growth and development. Serum and urinary potassium levels decreased after spaceflight, and a potassium deficiency leads to muscle weakness, constipation, and fatigue.

Nutritional deficits can affect the pathophysiology of mood disorders and affect an astronaut's performance during a scouting mission. Vitamin C, B vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and folic acid are associated with the abstract thought process. In turn, prolonged storage of packaged foods could contribute to the deterioration of micronutrients and an inadequate diet could increase the risk of developing diseases. A diet through the ingestion of sprouted products and vegetables provides a wide variety of vitamins, minerals, protein and fiber, the germination process improves the nutritional value of the seeds, increases their bioactive compounds and is usually much easier to digest. The inclusion of these foods would be complementing the diet established at each feeding time (breakfast, lunch and dinner), obtaining a ration of 100 g of food per day for each of the 6 crew members of the mission, providing nutrients necessary for optimal function of your metabolism.

2.     Crops:

Tree crops are proposed for the complementary food system: basil, muña and chard, based on their high nutritional value in vitamins and minerals, short phenological cycle and limited space available. Basil has 325 mg of calcium, B complex and 264 µg of vitamin A, its vegetative cycle until harvest is 60 days and requires a space of 20x25cm. Muña has a high calcium content with 2237 mg per 100 g and 306 µg of Vit. A, its vegetative cycle until harvest is 90 days and requires a space of 15x20cm/plant. Finally, chard has 293 mg of potassium, with a short campaign of 50 days and a space of 20x25cm. It requires agroclimatic conditions such as temperature between 15 ° C during germination and 25 ° C in its vegetative period, a photoperiod of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness, a relative humidity of 60%, a CO2 concentration of 550 ppm and a subtratao of the clay type that will house the root zone and will provide the necessary nutrients for growth. It also needs a correct agronomic management, starting with the sowing that will need certified seed, dry and ready to be sown when the time comes. There is an automated fertigation system that will allow it to provide sufficient usable moisture according to the evapotranspiration and crop coefficient and fertilizers such as diammonium phosphate, calcium nitrate and potassium thiosulfate according to the extraction of the crop, finally it will be harvested according to the parameter of each crop , the chard must be 30 cm in size from the basal part or after 50 days from the beginning of sowing, the basil must be 10 cm-25 in size considering from the petiole or after 60 days from the beginning of sowing and the muña is harvested 90 days after sowing begins.

For the management and use of waste, there is Paquito the recycler, who initially will be a garbage dump for organic waste until the installation of the food system, it is here where it will begin its function as composting, which will have a rotating shaft that will provide aeration, in addition It will have a control system and sensors that will provide the appropriate conditions for the biotrophic microorganisms responsible for the transformation of waste. From this process a biofertilizer rich in nutrients will be obtained that will be used for the plants.

3. Mechanical design of a drop-down system for microgravity cultures:

At the beginning of the design phase, several conditions were taken into account for its development, such as its possible volume and mass. We also consider that it would be correct for the crew to be able to observe the growth and development of the crops they host; the ease of storage and assembly was an important part in its development, as well as the interaction of the crew with the crops despite the fact that they are in a totally controlled environment; optimal use of resources, especially water, was also a design consideration. Taking these considerations into account, we obtained the following design that is detailed in the next figure.

In the figure, the system presents a tall structure made up of three or more subsystems placed one on top of the other, this decision was made to optimize the space occupied by the system, in addition, each subsystem is completely designed to be able to be coupled thanks to a base as shown.

In addition, the structure presents a superior subsystem, which contains the sprouts, a species that does not demand too much space compared to vegetables.

The system is made up of two subsystems of vegetables and one of sprouts, this is possible since each of these are coupled to each other and because they have a column that provides support to the entire system, so that it does not collapse under its own weight or torques.

A. Independent subsystems for vegetables

The largest presents measurements of 70 x 70 x 64.5 cm.

Each one of the parts that compose it will be detailed, as well as each one of its functions.

The lower base helps as support for the system, as well as to contain the ducts of gases to the microclimates and to contain the cables of the sensor system.

The upper base serves as a support for the irrigation hose, as a support for the attachment of the column, also to seal the transparent soft walls, also different openings are observed in the design, these are for the introduction of the different components, since the plants will be found inside the lower base.

The column helps to support the system, so that it does not collapse under its own weight, even in microgravity. This consists of a centimeter of M10X10 thread in the lower part, to be placed under pressure in the upper base of the subsystem, this thread has the purpose in addition to being firmly placed, it prevents the columns in the upper greenhouses from sliding down on their own weight; This piece is hollow, thus allowing the passage and connection of the hoses for the emission, as well as the cables for the control of the electronic sensors.

The next figure shows the place for the vegetables, with dimensions of 29x29cm each. It was possible to accommodate 4 spaces for these inside the subsystem, in the design there are entrances for direct irrigation of the plants.

The soft walls allow the subsystems to be deployable, because their material allows them to contract and stretch, it also has transparency which allows the astronauts to have a constant visualization of the situation of the crops. The flexible material used in this component is reinforced by the so-called “vertebrae” around it, so that the soft walls do not deform when they contract.

In the next figure presents the boxes for the extraction of the crops, in this way the interaction between the controlled environment of the subsystem and the environment of the warehouse.The gloves implanted in the soft walls will allow us to control and mobilize the crops with a minimal interaction between different environments.

In the next figure shows some gloves assembled on the soft wall that allow us to control crops and also for us to be able to harvest them manually without the need to open the system. These gloves, with the help of the drawer, allow us to reduce the exposure of the controlled microclimate as much as possible. The material of the gloves will be the same material as the soft walls and also has flexibility.

The hydraulic duct system is presented in the next figure

The green hose that is inside the column is in charge of the controlled transport of the gases, this hose has a bifurcation that allows optimizing its use among all the stackable systems, since as previously mentioned, the column serves as a connection between all systems, but does not physically connect the controlled microclimates. The blue hose is specially designed for the emission and absorption of water and nutrients in a controlled manner to the plants in their microclimate.

The next figure shows the sensors, cables, and lighting. The spotlights for lighting with a circular distribution are in the lower base of the subsystem, this base at the same time can be used as a plant lighting system for the required subsystem, this lighting being the guide for plant growth . In addition, the column contains the various sensors and the gas conduits for the different microclimates.

Finally, the upper part of the subsystem is in charge of sealing the subsystem.

It also serves to put an end to the subsystem or the stacking of this post that ends the opening of the column that gave way to the hoses and cables for the sensors from the base to the last stacked greenhouse.

B. Independent subsystem for sprouts

The second, smaller subsystem has the same dimensions at the base but a lower height of 29.5cm

In order to make the subsystems stackable, as well as maintain efficiency and space, several of the components are repeated, due to similar needs and strategies, then these same components will be indicated and the components that change will be explained. (Equal components are considered to be those that have the same geometry, but they do not necessarily have to have the same measurements).

The components that the subsystem for sprouts shares with that of vegetables already seen will be; the lower base, the column , the soft walls , the hose for the emission of controlled gases, cables and electronic sensors, the gloves and the roof .We will explain the components that change starting with the upper base of the greenhouse

This component will vary mainly because its depth is different, since the roots of the sprouts do not need as much space, as well as the distribution of the boxes for the extraction of the crops.

This component is the one that changes most significantly, since the demand for space for growing sprouts, and maintaining the area to have a stackable system allows us to have more space available, and the number of cultivable plants in the same greenhouse was expanded , increased by ten the cultivable plants with respect to the vegetables.

These have been modified to occupy an ideal space with the modifications in the upper base of the greenhouse for sprouts, as well as in the base for plants, remaining in the manner shown in Figure 18, these drawers continue to have the same purpose.

Finally, another component that changed its shape considerably will be the hose in charge of the fertigation of crops.

This hose has undergone a change in its shape to adapt to the new base for plants, in such a way that it can cover each of the spaces that this new base has; however, its use, strategy, and irrigation control remain the same.

C. Stackable greenhouse structure

A structural unit is proposed consisting of two greenhouses for vegetables as well as a final greenhouse for sprouts.

This structure has the same area of ​​70x70 cm, but a height of 141 cm. This stackable system is a structure proposal; however this can accommodate more greenhouses as long as the roof in Figure 14 is not placed to seal the column opening, this is a design goodness. This model also allows you to take advantage of the soft walls to be able to remove the components to be able to clean them or for whatever is considered necessary without having to disassemble the entire structure in such a way.

Depending on the amount of plants needed to feed the astronauts on the trip to Mars, an area of ​​only 10 square meters will be necessary! a completely manageable area leaving the possibility of greatly exceeding the necessary production or opening possibilities for more varieties of crops solving the problem of food shortage, thus also this design is easy to store then while space is being emptied consuming the stored food can be increasing the number of greenhouses available and stacking them one on top of the other or placing them side by side.

The versatility, efficiency and possibilities with this system leaves many production options open once the minimum amount required for complementary feeding with astronauts has been covered. Likewise, its design of transparent, folding and flexible walls in sets with gloves and a drawer as a strategy for handling and removing the crops without the need to unfold the soft walls allow astronauts to take the cultivation of vegetables and sprouts in this system as a recreational activity, KEEPING THE SYSTEM ISOLATED AT ALL TIMES! despite having autonomy based on telemetry from the ground or the same AI programmed in the control system.

Control y monitoreo

The Inti Amaranthus is made up of three interconnected systems, composed of: PHARMER telemetry system, vision and artificial intelligence system and a control and monitoring system

PHARMER telemetry system

The PHARMER has the ability to control and monitor a growing system, as well as provide real-time telemetry. In that case we will use the PHARMER only for remote transmission and reception of control and monitoring commands to the researchers in the NASA Monitoring Room.

From the ground we will be able to receive images of the crops, observe the multiple parameters of the microclimates as well as adjust the environmental variables. The PHARMER will communicate with two systems in a bidirectional manner: One for the acquisition of images and the other for the monitoring and control of microclimates.

Vision and artificial intelligence system

This system has as its main support a radiation resistant FPGA , which thanks to its hardware architecture will be able to monitor and make control decisions. For this, an operating system and vision and artificial intelligence will be configured.

The FPGA will allow the feasibility of multitasking in hardware along with the development of operating systems. The processing elements are divided into software-programmable CPUs, fixed-function hardware (ASIC), and reprogrammable hardware.

Inside the FPGA, an artificial vision system with a stereovision camera with 360 ° movement will also be configured, each microclimate will have two cameras at the top, equidistant from the central part. The FPGA will have six levels of Gaussian pyramids and will process the data at the same time. The processing modules are duplicated for the two parallel paths: the image on the left for reference, and the image on the right also for reference. Thanks to this we will be able to monitor different camera systems for the other microclimates under camera multiplexing, we will know the health status of the crop, the growth orientation and the optimal size to cultivate .

The moments in which communication with the control station is lost, the system will be able to adjust the different environmental parameters, this will be given by artificial intelligence supported by the previously developed operating system. The artificial intelligence design will take images from the cameras and environmental data from the control FPGA, after processing and presenting an anomaly, the autonomous system will make decisions that adjust the different microclimates for the optimal development of the crops .

Control and monitoring system

This system has as its main support a radiation resistant FPGA [1], it will be able to obtain multiple environmental variables of the microclimates, as well as control environmental balance factors. The hardware architecture makes it possible to control several microclimates at the same time.

The control and monitoring FPGA will send parameter information to the PHARMER as well as to the FPGA with artificial intelligence, for the necessary adjustments in its environmental variables in the microclimates. Each microclimate has different sensors and actuators.

ach microclimate will have four to eight subsystems, depending on the requirements of the plants. Fig nn. The water supply will be given by branches of porous pipes. Pressure sensors within fluid lines are used to monitor pressure within the fluid system and control bi-directional pumps that maintain a constant and evenly distributed moisture level throughout the root zone. Once saturated with the necessary humidity in the roots, the valve can be enabled for the next microclimate for its respective humidity control. There will also be an oxygen supply line at the roots for the…. and a sensor to control the proper concentration. Within the subsystem there will be a temperature sensor to register the root zone.

In the upper part of each microclimate there will be led arrays of different wavelengths that will be in charge of the direction of growth of the crop. The led arrays will provide visible lights, red, blue, green, far red and white, controlled by the FPGA.

e humidity and temperature sensors will be placed in the column of the microclimate device. Each microclimate will have a humidifier and heater that condenses / humidifies the chamber air using wet porous ceramic cups under suction, and then heats the air to the desired temperature. Each unit is independently monitored and controlled, and has the ability to independently control the temperature in the growth chamber from 18 to 30ºC. (± 1◦C), and relative humidity of 50 to 90% (± 5%). Crop systems mix the air in the growth chamber by forced convection using fans that remove air from the top of the growth chamber above the plants and return it to the chamber at plant level. The pressure sensor helps the system maintain ideal pressure within the system.

The oxygen concentration in the growth chamber is controlled automatically and is kept between 18% and 24%. The device uses the oxygen present in the air in the shuttle cabin to raise the O2 concentration in the Growth Chamber above 18% when necessary by pumping it into the Growth Chamber until the oxygen concentration reaches 21%. When the oxygen concentration reaches 24% due to plant photosynthesis, GN is introduced into the growth chamber to reduce the concentration to 21% to avoid flammability hazards. Fan air is released into the Shuttle Cabin through a nominal leak and, if necessary, the growth chamber relief valve.

Requirements dictate that carbon dioxide be controllable within the growth chamber between 400 ppm and 5000 ppm based on the user's set point. Levels within the growth chamber are automatically maintained at user-defined set points within the range required by the system hardware and software. When CO2 levels are below the action limit, CO2 increases by injecting CO2 gas until the levels are within acceptable limits. When CO2 levels are above the action limit, CO2 decreases by pumping air from the chamber through a CO2 scrubber (chemical) until the levels are within acceptable limits.

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Tackling a problem as important as the feeding of astronauts has inspired us to work and put the best of ourselves in this design. From the approach of the problem to the creation of the Inti Amaranthus we have followed the optimal way of creating an efficient design in the creation of it. Our colleagues in charge of choosing plants as well as choosing the diet have shown great interest and efficiency in using the references and documents provided by NASA to choose the plants that survive the trip and provide better food for travelers. With this information, the control and design managers gave shape to Inti Amaranthus and Paquito, we loved the design process, the fact of having to create something with limitations as clear as the space or the environment for the plants gave us a challenge that at the same time it was pleasant to see what we had achieved. Having everything ready, we are proud to say that the process of choosing the name allowed us to feel proud and exalt our country by taking two words in a native Peruvian language that represent quinoa, a powerful food like us and the sun, which represents the brightness of our work.

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Bolivia. Universidad mayor de san Andrés

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This project has been submitted for consideration during the Judging process.