purple ocean

https://1drv.ms/p/s!AvWd7V1vVtoQcVbItKBm3r3VywA

https://1drv.ms/p/s!AvWd7V1vVtoQcVbItKBm3r3VywA

Introduction

Though artificial satellites are not usually regarded as natural resources, the increasingly crowded orbits that they utilize very much are. Orbits around Earth provide us with invaluable vantage points to deploy spacecraft that allow us to study our planet and the rest of the universe. They also allow us to set up global telecommunication networks and satellite navigation systems that are used for a wide assortment of things from managing global airline traffic to requesting a cab. Low Earth orbits are also essential for crewed space exploration missions even when the final mission destination lies further away. Space debris endangers space operations and could potentially limit our access to space if it's not addressed.

Today there are nearly 22,000 artificial objects in Earth orbit, including 6,444 spacecraft (active and defunct). However, these statistics include only the objects large enough to be tracked. More than 128 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm (0.4 in), about 900,000 pieces of debris 1–10 cm, and around 34,000 pieces larger than 10 cm (3.9 in) are estimated to be orbiting Earth.

Over the years, spent rockets, satellites, and other space trash have accumulated in orbit increasing the likelihood of collision with other debris. Unfortunately, collisions create more debris, creating a runaway chain reaction of collisions and more debris. This phenomenon is known as the Kessler Syndrome after the man who first proposed the issue, Donald Kessler, or collisional cascading.

This cascade of collisions first came to NASA’s attention in the 1970s when derelict Delta rockets left in orbit began to explode, creating shrapnel clouds. Kessler demonstrated that once the amount of debris in a particular orbit reaches critical mass, collisional cascading begins even if no additional objects are launched into the orbit. Once collisional cascading begins, the risk to satellites and spacecraft increases until the orbit is no longer usable.

Kessler proposed it would take 30 to 40 years for such a threshold to be reached and today some experts believe we are already at critical mass in low-Earth orbit at about 560 to 620 miles (900 to 1,000 kilometers).

Specific problem

Space debris (also known as space junk, space pollution, space waste, space trash, or space garbage) is defunct artificial objects in space principally in Earth orbit which no longer serve a useful function. These include derelict spacecraft nonfunctional spacecraft and abandoned launch vehicle stages mission-related debris, and particularly numerous in Earth orbit, fragmentation debris from the breakup of derelict rocket bodies and spacecraft. In addition to derelict man-made objects left in orbit, other examples of space debris include fragments from their disintegration, erosion and collisions or even paint flecks, solidified liquids expelled from spacecraft, and unburned particles from solid rocket motors. Space debris represents a risk to spacecraft.

Space debris is typically a negative externality it creates an external cost on others from the initial action to launch or use a spacecraft in near-Earth orbit a cost that is typically not taken into account nor fully accounted for in the cost by the launcher or payload owner. The measurement, mitigation, and potential removal of debris are conducted by some participants in the space industry.

As of October 2019, the US Space Surveillance Network reported nearly 20,000 artificial objects in orbit above the Earth, including 2,218 operational satellites.

However, these are just the objects large enough to be tracked. As of January 2019, more than 128 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm (0.4 in), about 900,000 pieces of debris 1–10 cm, and around 34,000 of pieces larger than 10 cm (3.9 in) were estimated to be in orbit around the Earth. When the smallest objects of artificial space debris (paint flecks, solid rocket exhaust particles, etc.) are grouped with micrometeoroids, they are together sometimes referred to by space agencies as MMOD (Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris). Collisions with debris have become a hazard to spacecraft; the smallest objects cause damage akin to sandblasting, especially to solar panels and optics like telescopes or star trackers that cannot easily be protected by a ballistic shield.

Below 2,000 km (1,200 mi) Earth-altitude, pieces of debris are denser than meteoroids; most are dust from solid rocket motors, surface erosion debris like paint flakes, and frozen coolant from RORSAT (nuclear-powered satellites).

 For comparison, the International Space Station orbits in the 300–400 kilometers (190–250 mi) range, while the two most recent large debris events—the 2007 Chinese antisat  weapon test and the 2009 satellite collision—occurred at 800 to 900 kilometers (500 to 560 mi) altitude. The ISS has Whipple shielding to resist damage from small MMOD; however, known debris with a collision chance over 1/10,000 are avoided by maneuvering the station.

Previous solution:

Tracking from the ground radar and optical detectors such as radar are the main tools for tracking space debris. Although objects under 10 cm (4 in) have reduced orbital stability, debris as small as 1 cm can be tracked, however determining orbits to allow re-acquisition is difficult. Most debris remains unobserved. The NASA Orbital Debris Observatory tracked space debris with a 3 m (10 ft) liquid mirror transit telescope. FM Radio waves can detect debris, after reflecting off them onto a receiver. Optical tracking may be a useful early-warning system on spacecraft.

Measurement in space Returned space hardware is a valuable source of information on the directional distribution and composition of the (sub-millimetre) debris flux. The LDEF satellite deployed by mission STS-41-C Challenger and retrieved by STS-32 Columbia spent 68 months in orbit to gather debris data. The EURECA satellite, deployed by STS-46 Atlantis in 1992 and retrieved by STS-57 Endeavour in 1993, was also used for debris study.

The solar arrays of Hubble were returned by missions STS-61 Endeavour and STS-109 Columbia, and the impact craters studied by the ESA to validate its models. Materials returned from Mir were also studied, notably the Mir Environmental Effects Payload (which also tested materials intended for the ISS

Gabbard diagrams

A debris cloud resulting from a single event is studied with scatter plots known as Gabbard diagrams, where the perigee and apogee of fragments are plotted with respect to their orbital period. Gabbard diagrams of the early debris cloud prior to the effects of perturbations, if the data were available, are reconstructed. They often include data on newly observed, as yet uncatalogued fragments. Gabbard diagrams can provide important insights into the features of the fragmentation, the direction and point of impact

Solution

The solution is to add an electromagnetic pulse device to the spacecraft to emit an oscillator that produces an alternating current passing through a coil that produces an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, eddy currents (an inductive sensor) will be induced in the metal, and this produces its own magnetic field. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field (acting as a magnetometer), the change in magnetic field due to the metal object can be detected.

An electric current is generated by lithium-ion batteries. Strong, short pulses of current are passed through a coil of copper wire, each pulse generating a short magnetic field. When the pulse ends, the polar magnetic field suddenly reverses and collapses, resulting in a sharp electrical surge.

This surge lasts a few microseconds (millionths of a second) and causes another current to pass through the coil.

This current is called a reflected pulse and it is very short and lasts only about 30 microseconds. Then another pulse is sent and the process is repeated.

As well as this device based on pulse induction sends about 1000 pulses per second

When the device start, the pulse creates an opposite magnetic field in the body. When the magnetic field of the pulse collapses causing the reflected pulse, the object's magnetic field makes it take longer for the reflected pulse to disappear completely.

This process works something like echo: if you scream in a room with few hard surfaces, you may hear the echo very briefly, or you may not hear it at all; But if you scream in a room with a lot of hard surfaces, the echo lasts longer.

Design requirements:

The criteria by which the success of the project was determined is the presence of 3 applications successful :

1-  Electrical generator

The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is connected through an electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy. For example, the drum generator is based upon the figure to the bottom-right. A different implementation of this idea is the Faraday's disc, shown in simplified form on the right.

2-  Electrical transformer : When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, d ΦB / d t. Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected through an electrical load, current will flow.

3-  Magnetic flow meter : Electrical conductors moving through a steady magnetic field, or stationary conductors within a changing magnetic field, will have circular currents induced within them by induction, called eddy currents. Eddy currents flow in closed loops in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field. They have useful applications in eddy current brakes and induction heating systems. However eddy currents induced in the metal magnetic cores of transformers and AC motors and generators are undesirable since they dissipate energy (called core losses) as heat in the resistance of the metal.

NASA is on of great Space Agency

It was a fun and thought-provoking experience, and I learned how to work on problems. I was inspired by this challenge because it is full of mystery.

i overcame the challenge with effort and perseverance

spaceappschallenge

Wikipedia

This project has been submitted for consideration during the Judging process.